Vehicle caravan of electric vehicles configured for coordinated movement and airflow control and method of using

ABSTRACT

A vehicle caravan comprising electric vehicles configured for coordinated movement and airflow control comprising: a lead vehicle and chase vehicle, the lead vehicle disposed at the front of the caravan and the chase vehicle disposed behind the lead vehicle in a chase pattern. Each lead and chase vehicle comprising: a vehicle chassis and a front rotatable vehicle drive axle; a selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a rotatable motor shaft and motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction; an air duct configured to direct an airflow to the propulsion motor; an airflow shutter in the front end of the air duct to selectively control the airflow within the air duct; and a vehicle controller; the caravan and chase pattern configured for coordination of the motor position and the open/closed position of the lead and chase vehicle shutters while the caravan is moving.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention disclosed herein relates generally to a caravan of electric vehicles comprising an electric propulsion motor and motor axis configured for mounting in a substantially vertical direction that is configured for coordinated movement and airflow control, and a method of using the caravan. More particularly, the invention disclosed herein relates to a caravan of electric vehicles comprising an electric propulsion motor and motor axis configured for mounting in a substantially vertical direction, and movable from a first position and first direction of the motor axis to a second position and a second direction of the motor axis, that is configured for coordinated movement and airflow control, and a method of using the caravan.

BACKGROUND

Thermal management for electric powered vehicles (EV's) comprising electric propulsion motors, including hybrid electric vehicles (HEV's), has a direct influence on driving range and vehicle efficiency. The electric propulsion motors, also referred to electric machines or e-machines, produce heat when they are operated. As the electric motor temperatures rises, the motor efficiency decreases reducing the vehicle driving range and the overall vehicle efficiency. Therefore, effective thermal management of EV motors is a very important design consideration.

Current EV designs position the electric propulsion motors in the same horizontal plane as the drive wheels in nearly all applications. The electric propulsion motors are mounted in fixed positions in the EV with the motor axis oriented longitudinally or transversely in the vehicle in a horizontal plane defined by the EV drive wheels.

The current positioning of the electric propulsion motors is not ideal for cooling because many suspension, chassis, and body components block a direct path for cooling air intake from the front of the vehicle thereby necessitating the use of other cooling systems. A direct path for air cooling is very advantageous because an amount of air cooling is generally available when the EV is in motion with minimal, or in some case no, reduction in vehicle efficiency.

The increased use of EV's, including use in autonomous and partially-autonomous electric vehicles as mobility solutions, provides an additional impetus to provide more effective thermal management. Such increased use of EV's afford opportunities to address thermal management of a group of electric vehicles with coordinated movement, such as a caravan or platoon of vehicles, rather than the context of an individual EV.

Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 21, the prior art horizontal positioning of the electric propulsion motors 32′ and motor shafts 34′ with their horizontal motor axes 36′ results in the motor torque (T′) being applied in a substantially vertical plane, which is the same vertical plane in which the vehicle suspension operates. As such, torques generated by operation of the electric propulsion motors act on and affect the suspension 98′ and the sprung masses of the vehicle chassis that are supported thereon. Therefore, operation of the electric propulsion motor or motors 32′ may result in forces acting on the suspension that are perceptible by the vehicle operator and passengers and that are generally very undesirable. In fact, prior art electric vehicles have included various systems and methods of operation that are designed to reduce or mask these forces.

In view of the above, it is desirable to provide a caravan of EV's with electric propulsion motors and grille shutters in an orientation that provides more desirable airflow cooling to improve vehicle driving range and the overall vehicle efficiency of the vehicles that make up the caravan as well as providing other synergistic benefits to vehicle operation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, a vehicle caravan comprising a plurality of electric vehicles configured for coordinated movement and airflow control is disclosed. The vehicle caravan comprises: a lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle, the lead electric vehicle configured for disposition at a front of the vehicle caravan and configured to lead the vehicle caravan when the vehicle caravan is moving, the chase electric vehicle configured for disposition rearward of the lead electric vehicle in a chase pattern to follow the lead electric vehicle when the caravan is moving, each lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle comprising: a vehicle chassis extending along a longitudinal axis and a rotatable vehicle drive axle disposed along a transverse axis as a front axle and having opposed axle ends that are configured for attachment of a pair of opposed drive wheels; a selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a rotatable motor shaft rotatable about a motor axis, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis and operatively coupled to a rotatable vehicle drive axle and opposed drive wheels, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction of the motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction of the motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (a), the selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured for air cooling from an airflow received from a vehicle front of the electric vehicle; an air duct disposed within the vehicle chassis that extends from a front end proximate the vehicle front to a motor end proximate the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and configured to direct the airflow to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor; a selectively openable and closable airflow shutter disposed proximate to and in fluid communication with the front end of the air duct and is configured to selectively control the airflow within the air duct; and a vehicle controller that is configured for coordinated control of a motor position and a motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and an open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter with each other electric vehicle in the caravan; the vehicle caravan and chase pattern configured for coordination of the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the lead vehicle and the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the chase vehicle while the caravan is moving. an electric vehicle is disclosed.

In another embodiment, a method of airflow control for a caravan of electric vehicles is disclosed. The method of airflow control comprises: forming a vehicle caravan comprising a plurality of electric vehicles configured for coordinated movement and airflow control, the vehicle caravan comprising: a lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle, the lead electric vehicle configured for disposition at a front of the vehicle caravan and configured to lead the vehicle caravan when the vehicle caravan is moving, the chase electric vehicle configured for disposition rearward of the lead electric vehicle in a chase pattern to follow the lead electric vehicle when the caravan is moving, each lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle comprising: a vehicle chassis extending along a longitudinal axis and a rotatable vehicle drive axle disposed along a transverse axis as a front axle and having opposed axle ends that are configured for attachment of a pair of opposed drive wheels; a selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a rotatable motor shaft rotatable about a motor axis, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis and operatively coupled to a rotatable vehicle drive axle and opposed drive wheels, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction of the motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction of the motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), the selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured for air cooling from an airflow received from a vehicle front of the electric vehicle; an air duct disposed within the vehicle chassis that extends from a front end proximate the vehicle front to a motor end proximate the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and configured to direct the airflow to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor; a selectively openable and closable airflow shutter disposed proximate to and in fluid communication with the front end of the air duct and is configured to selectively control the airflow within the air duct; and a vehicle controller that is configured for coordinated control of a motor position and a motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and an open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter with each other electric vehicle in the caravan; the vehicle caravan and chase pattern configured for coordination of the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the lead vehicle and the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the chase vehicle while the caravan is moving; and controlling the airflow of the vehicle caravan while the lead electric vehicle and the chase electric vehicle are moving.

The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other features, advantages and details appear, by way of example only, in the following detailed description of embodiments, the detailed description referring to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of an embodiment of an electric vehicle comprising a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor as described herein;

FIG. 2A-2C are schematic side views of embodiments of selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motors and selectively movable differentials and actuators, as described herein, illustrating the ranges of movement of thereof, as described herein;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a selectively movable substantially vertical electric propulsion motors and selectively moveable differential with the differential housing removed, as described herein;

FIG. 4A is schematic side view of an embodiment of an electric vehicle comprising a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor, selectively movable differential, air duct, airflow and heat dissipater, as described herein;

FIG. 4B is a schematic bottom view of the electric vehicle of FIG. 4B;

FIG. 5 is a schematic side view illustrating the orientation of a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor and vehicle suspension as described herein;

FIG. 6 is a schematic top cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a differential housing of a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor, a selectively movable vehicle differential, and a vehicle axle as described herein;

FIG. 7A is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment an electric vehicle comprising two selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motors operatively coupled to a front rotatable vehicle drive axle, the vehicle comprising a front wheel drive (FWD) electric vehicle, the selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motors configured for movement in respective longitudinal planes;

FIG. 7B is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment an electric vehicle comprising two selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motors operatively coupled to a front rotatable vehicle drive axle, the vehicle comprising a front wheel drive (FWD) electric vehicle, the selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motors configured for movement in respective lateral planes;

FIG. 8 is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment an electric vehicle comprising two selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motors operatively coupled to a rear rotatable vehicle drive axle, the vehicle comprising a rear wheel drive (RWD) electric vehicle;

FIG. 9 is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment an electric vehicle comprising two selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motors operatively coupled to a front rotatable vehicle drive axle and two selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motors operatively coupled to a rear rotatable vehicle drive axle, the vehicle comprising an all-wheel drive (AWD) or four-wheel drive (4WD) electric vehicle;

FIG. 10 is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment a hybrid electric vehicle comprising a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor and an internal combustion engine operatively coupled to a front rotatable vehicle drive axle, the hybrid electric vehicle comprising a FWD hybrid electric vehicle;

FIG. 11 is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment a hybrid electric vehicle comprising a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor and an internal combustion engine operatively coupled to a rear rotatable vehicle drive axle, the hybrid electric vehicle comprising an RWD hybrid electric vehicle;

FIG. 12 is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment of a hybrid electric vehicle comprising an internal combustion engine operatively coupled to a front rotatable vehicle drive axle and a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor operatively coupled to a rear rotatable vehicle drive axle, the hybrid electric vehicle comprising an AWD or 4WD hybrid electric vehicle;

FIG. 13 is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment of a hybrid electric vehicle comprising a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor operatively coupled to a rear rotatable vehicle drive axle and an internal combustion engine operatively coupled to a rear rotatable vehicle drive axle, the hybrid electric vehicle comprising an AWD or 4WD hybrid electric vehicle;

FIG. 14 is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment of a hybrid electric vehicle comprising a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor operatively coupled to a rear rotatable vehicle drive axle and an internal combustion engine proximate the front axle operatively coupled to a generator, the hybrid electric vehicle comprising an RWD hybrid electric vehicle;

FIG. 15 is a schematic bottom view of an embodiment of a hybrid electric vehicle comprising a selectively movable vertical electric propulsion motor operatively coupled to a front rotatable vehicle drive axle and an internal combustion engine proximate the rear axle operatively coupled to a generator, the hybrid electric vehicle comprising an FWD hybrid electric vehicle;

FIG. 16 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method of making an electric vehicle as described herein;

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method of using an electric vehicle as described herein;

FIG. 18A is a schematic top view of an embodiment of a vehicle caravan, as described herein;

FIG. 18B is a schematic side view of the vehicle caravan of electric vehicles of FIG. 18A;

FIG. 19A is a schematic top view of a second embodiment of a vehicle caravan of electric vehicles, as described herein;

FIG. 19B is a schematic side view of the vehicle caravan of electric vehicles of FIG. 19A; and

FIG. 20 is a flowchart of a method of airflow control for a caravan of electric vehicles, as described herein; and

FIG. 21 is a schematic side view illustrating the orientation of a art electric propulsion motor and vehicle suspension as described herein;

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

This invention comprises a vehicle caravan comprising a plurality of electric vehicles configured for coordinated movement and airflow control and a method of airflow control for the vehicle caravan of electric vehicles. The caravan comprises a lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle, the lead electric vehicle is configured for disposition at the front of the vehicle caravan and configured to lead the vehicle caravan when the vehicle caravan is moving. The chase electric vehicle is configured for disposition rearward of the lead electric vehicle in a chase pattern to follow the lead electric vehicle when the caravan is moving. Each of the lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle are a described herein and comprise a vehicle chassis, a selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a rotatable motor shaft rotatable about a motor axis that is selectively movable to a substantially vertical direction, an air duct, a selectively openable and closable airflow shutter, and a vehicle controller, as described herein. The vehicle caravan and chase pattern configured for coordination of the motor positions and motor axis directions of the selectively movable electric propulsion motors and the open or closed positions of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutters of the lead vehicle and the chase vehicle while the caravan is moving.

In one embodiment, the electric vehicles of the caravan sense the airflows coming into the fronts of the vehicles through the grilles into the air ducts, and adjust the positions of the selectively movable electric propulsion motors to optimize air cooling in each of the motors. Airflow sensors may also be used to optimize aerodynamics of the electric vehicles in the vehicle caravan or vehicle platoon by opening or closing the selectively openable and closable airflow shutters, which may comprise selectively openable and closable grille shutters. For example, the lead electric vehicle may have a different aerodynamic profile than the chase electric vehicle(s), and the airflow through and around the lead electric vehicle and/or the chase vehicle(s) may also be changed dynamically by changing the orientation (e.g. motor or motor axis position or direction) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motors and/or the position (e.g. open, partially open, closed) of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutters. The displacement of air in front of each of the electric vehicles of the caravan and their aerodynamic characteristics (e.g. drag, lift, wind noise, noise emission) may be modified by changing the orientation of their selectively movable electric propulsion motors and/or the position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutters, which has a multiplied effect in a vehicle caravan configuration.

In one embodiment, the airflow of the lead vehicle of a single line of moving vehicles can be adjusted by opening the selectively openable and closable airflow shutters and orienting the selectively movable electric propulsion motor vertically to enhance the cooling of the motor of the lead vehicle because the lead electric vehicle must perform more work (i.e. has a higher thermal load) due to higher aerodynamic drag. The chase electric vehicle(s), which have a reduced drag and lower motor load due to the airflow related to the movement of the lead electric vehicle, and thus different (i.e. reduced) motor cooling requirements, may have different positions of the grille openings (i.e. closed or partially closed) and/or electric motors (i.e. slanted from vertical or horizontal). For example, a rear airflow portion of the airflow onto the vertical motor of the lead vehicle may be directed under the lead electric vehicle and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutters of the chase electric vehicle(s) may be closed and oriented to capture and direct the rear airflow portion of the airflow from the lead electric vehicle downwards under the chase electric vehicle(s) onto the selectively adjustable vertical electric drive motor of the follower vehicle(s), which may be oriented horizontally or even downwards to utilize this rear airflow portion of the airflow.

As illustrated in FIG. 21, horizontal positioning of electric propulsion motors 32′ can be disadvantageous because they are frequently positioned adjacent to horizontally extending portions of the vehicle structure, such as steering systems and components and powertrain systems and components, including transaxles and differentials, which may impede the ability to direct a cooling airflow from the front of the vehicle onto the motor for air cooling during vehicle operation. By positioning the selectively movable electric propulsion motor vertically, limitations due to horizontally extending portions of the vehicle are reduced or avoided, and more of the body of the electric propulsion motor is available for exposure to a cooling airflow from the front of the vehicle, thereby enabling the electric motor to be cooled without the use of additional cooling systems. Vertical positioning of the electric propulsion motor advantageously enables the design of unique vertically-extending cooling ducts to direct air at/around the electric propulsion motor. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor in the vertical orientation may also comprise primary heat dissipating components in a vertically-extending orientation facing the front of the electric vehicle to take advantage of the vertically-extending cooling ducts.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, vertical positioning of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 also advantageously provides a propulsion system where the torque acting on the drive train and vehicle chassis are not acting on the suspension in a way perceivable to the driver and/or passengers. That is, the motor torques (T) during operation of the electric propulsion motor when it is oriented vertically are not acting in a vertical plane like much of the suspension system and many of the suspension components, but rather they are acting in a horizontal plane. Thus, the motor torques are less perceptible to the driver and/or passengers and the need to compensate for torques (T) acting in the vertical plane, whether for human users or other vehicle systems, is reduced or eliminated. Decoupling the motor torques from the suspension system also provides noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) benefits by reducing or eliminating sources of vertical vibration within the vehicle chassis of the electric vehicle.

As used herein, the terms front or forward or rear or rearward or aft refer to the front or rear of the article or vehicle, or to a direction toward the front or rear of the article or vehicle, respectively. The term longitudinal or along the length refers to a direction that extends along or generally parallel to an article or vehicle centerline between the front and the rear, or from one end to an opposed end. The term transverse, or lateral, or along the width, or left or right refers to a direction that is orthogonal, or substantially orthogonal, to the longitudinal direction. The terms up or upward or down or downward refer to the top or bottom of the article or vehicle, or to a direction substantially toward the top or bottom of the article or vehicle, respectively. The terms in or inner or inward refer to a direction toward the center of the article or vehicle, and out or outer or outward refers to the opposite direction away from the center or central portion of the article or vehicle.

Referring to FIGS. 1-21, and particularly FIGS. 1-5A, an electric vehicle 10 is disclosed. The electric vehicle 10 may comprise all manner of wheeled electric vehicles. The electric vehicle 10 may include all manner of electric automotive vehicles, including all manner of cars, sport and other types of utility vehicles (SUV), and trucks, including light-duty, medium-duty, and heavy-duty trucks. The electric vehicle 10 may also include all manner of all terrain vehicles (ATV's) and side-by-side vehicles, including utility or utility task vehicles (UTV's) and multipurpose off-highway utility vehicles (MOHUV's). The electric vehicle 10 may comprise an electric vehicle (EV), where all of the motive power of the vehicle wheels is provided by a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 as described herein, or a hybrid electric vehicle where the motive power to a portion of the vehicle wheels is provided by electric motors as described herein and the motive power to another portion of the vehicle wheels is provided by other sources of motive power, such as, for example, an internal combustion engine 35.

The electric vehicle 10 comprises a vehicle chassis 12 extending along a longitudinal axis 14 of the electric vehicle and a rotatable vehicle drive axle (i.e. the motive or powered axle) 16 or rotatable driven axle (i.e. non-motive or unpowered axle) 17 disposed along a transverse (i.e. lateral) axis 18 or axle axis that has opposed axle ends 20, 22 and that is configured for attachment of a pair of opposed drive wheels 24, 26 in the case of rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, and attachment of a pair of opposed driven wheels 24′, 26′ in the case of rotatable vehicle driven axle 17. As used herein, the vehicle chassis 12 may comprise any fixed portion of the electric vehicle 10 and may comprise the vehicle frame or body, particularly in vehicles that employ unibody construction, or a combination thereof. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may be used on the electric vehicle 10 in conjunction with a rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 in any desired manner or location, including as a front axle 28 (e.g. in an FWD) vehicle) with opposed front drive wheels 24, 26, a rear axle 30 (e.g. in an RWD vehicle) with opposed rear drive wheels 24,26, or as a front axle 28 with opposed front drive wheels 24,26 and rear axle 30 with opposed rear drive wheels 24,26 (e.g. in an AWD or 4WD vehicle).

The electric vehicle 10 also comprises a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a rotatable motor shaft 34 that is reversibly rotatable in either direction about a motor axis 36. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may comprise any suitable number or type of electric propulsion motor. In one embodiment, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprises a pair of selectively movable electric propulsion motors, a front selectively movable electric propulsion motor 38 and a rear selectively movable electric propulsion motor 40. The front selectively movable electric propulsion motor 38 and rear selectively movable electric propulsion motor 40 may be identical to one another and may comprise the same motor type, as described herein, and/or utilize the same motor construction (e.g. stator and rotor configuration), and/or may have the same motive power output (e.g. torque output). Alternately, the front selectively movable electric propulsion motor 38 and rear selectively movable electric propulsion motor 40 may be different from one another and may comprise different motor types, as described herein, and/or utilize different motor constructions (e.g. stator and rotor configurations), and/or may have different motive power outputs (e.g. torque outputs).

In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2A-2C, a front selectively movable electric propulsion motor 38 and/or rear selectively movable electric propulsion motor 40 each comprise a stator 42 that has an axially-extending cylindrical shape and is configured to be fixed and stationary and a selectively reversibly rotatable rotor 44 that is configured for selectively reversible rotation and is disposed radially inwardly of and concentric with the stator 42 and that also has an axially-extending cylindrical shape. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may comprise any suitable type of electric motor comprising a fixed stator 42 and a selectively reversibly rotatable rotor 44 disposed within the stator, including various alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) powered electric motors, including both brushed (BDC) and brushless (BLDC) electric propulsion motors. In one embodiment, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprises an AC electric propulsion motor and conventional power electronics including a current inverter and a voltage converter. The DC power and current from the vehicle battery 46 is converted to AC power and current using the power inverter and the voltage from the vehicle battery is stepped up to a high voltage (e.g. about 210 VDC to about 650 VAC) using the voltage converter. The power electronics may be disposed within the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, particularly proximate the stator 42, or elsewhere in the electric vehicle 10, including as a part of a vehicle controller 48 which may comprise a plurality of vehicle controllers, including the motor controller 50, or as part of the vehicle battery 46, or on a standalone basis. The high voltage AC power may be supplied to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 by any suitable inner electrical power and/or signal communication device 52, such as a motor power bus 54 that comprises an electrical conductor configured to electrically communicate high voltage from the power electronics, which may be electrically connected to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 by any suitable electrical power attachment, including an electrical connector 56. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis 12 and operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed drive wheels 24, 26 as described herein. In one embodiment, the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed drive wheels 24, 26 may comprise a conventional rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, which may include rotatable vehicle drive axle half shafts or axle portions extending from a selectively movable differential 60 and operatively coupled to the opposed drive wheels 24, 26 in a conventional manner, including the use of axle housings 61, axle bearings, wheel bearings, wheel hubs, and the like, as well as operative coupling to brake systems and components, steering systems and components, and suspension systems and components as are known in the art. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 are configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. As used herein, substantially vertical means that the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 are configured to be mounted in, and/or may be selectively moved into, a position where they are nearly vertical, for example, within 0-15°, more particularly 0-10°, and more particularly 0-5° of a vertical orientation, and including a vertical orientation. The ranges associated with substantially vertical may be fore or aft for selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 that are selectively movable in the longitudinal plane, and left or right for those that are selectively movable in the transverse plane. As used herein, selectively movable means movable by an electrically powered motor actuator 62 by any suitable electrical power and/or signal communication device 63, such as an actuator power bus 65 that comprises an electrical conductor configured to electrically communicate voltage and current from the vehicle battery 46, which may be electrically connected to the electrically powered motor actuator by any suitable electrical power attachment, including an electrical connector 67, for example. The electrically powered motor actuator 62 may be actuated to selectively move and change the position of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 in any suitable manner, including manually or automatically. In one embodiment (not shown), the electrically powered motor actuator 62 may be actuated manually in a conventional manner by a human user by operation of a switch, for example. In another embodiment, the electrically powered motor actuator 62 may actuated using a control signal from signal communication device 63 through actuator power bus 65 to the motor actuator 62 in a conventional manner in conjunction with a control algorithm that is executed as a computer program by a vehicle controller 48, such as the motor controller 50, or a separate actuator controller 51 that is in signal communication with the motor controller, as illustrated schematically in FIGS. 1 and 2A-2C.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1-3 and 6, for example, the selectively movable differential 60 is disposed on the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and is configured to operatively couple the motive power of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 that is transmitted to the rotatable motor shaft 34 to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. The selectively movable differential 60 comprises a differential housing 66, which in one embodiment may be substantially spherical, or spherical, and may comprise opposed hemispheres that are selectively attachable to and detachable from one another, such by the use of a plurality of threaded fasteners (not shown) that extend through a corresponding plurality of housing bores 69. In one embodiment, the selectively movable differential 60 comprises a differential housing 66, a shaft gear 68, which in one embodiment comprises a pinion gear having a plurality of shaft gear teeth 70, attached to the rotatable motor shaft 34 and disposed within the differential housing, and a drive axle gear 72 or gears having a plurality of axle gear teeth 74 attached to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and disposed within the selectively movable differential, wherein the shaft gear and associated gear teeth is operatively coupled to the drive axle gear(s) 72 and associated axle gear teeth 74. In one embodiment, the shaft gear 68 is operatively coupled to the drive axle gears 72 through a ring gear 76 having a plurality of ring gear teeth 78 that is concentrically and rotatably disposed on the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, such as through a ring gear bearing (not shown) as is known in the art. The ring gear 76 and ring gear teeth 78 are configured for reversible rotatable meshed engagement with the shaft gear 68 and shaft gear teeth 70, such that rotation of the rotatable motor shaft 34 and shaft gear 68 produces rotation of the ring gear in a forward (F) or rearward (R) direction as shown in FIG. 3. The ring gear 76 comprises a spider 80 comprising a pair of orthogonally protruding spider arms 82 that are configured to rotatably support a pair of inwardly facing spider gears 84 having a plurality of spider gear teeth 86 that are rotatably disposed on inwardly extending pins 88 by spider bearings (not shown) as known in the art. The spider gears 84 and spider gear teeth 86 are configured for reversible rotatable meshed engagement with the drive axle gears 72 and axle gear teeth 74. Thus, selectively reversible rotation of the rotatable motor shaft 34 of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 produces rotation of the ring gear 76 and spider gears 84 resulting in rotation of the drive axle gears 72 and the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, thereby resulting in rotation of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26 and selectively reversible propulsion of the electric vehicle 10 in a forward or rearward direction.

In one embodiment, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprises, and the motor components thereof described herein are housed within, a motor housing 33 that has a cylindrical shape and extends axially along the motor axis 36. The motor housing 33 is configured for selective attachment to and detachment from the differential housing 66. The motor housing 33 may be selectively attached to and detached from the differential housing 66 by any suitable attachment device, which in one embodiment (not shown) comprises a plurality of threaded fasteners that are inserted through plurality of circumferentially spaced bores through a circumferential attachment flange disposed on an open end of the motor housing 33 disposed toward the selectively movable differential 60, and which for attachment are threaded into (or for detachment out of) a corresponding plurality of circumferentially spaced threaded bores in the differential housing 66.

Referring to FIG. 6, the selectively movable differential 60 is movable in that it is rotatable about the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and transverse or axle axis 18 as described herein. The selectively movable differential 60 is configured to rotate about the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and transverse or axle axis 18 through the use of a sealed rotatable coupling 71 disposed between the selectively movable differential 60 and the axle housing 61, wherein the axle housing is fixed to the vehicle chassis 12 in a known manner, such as by one or more bolted connections (not shown), and the differential housing 66 is rotatable about the axle housing 61 via the sealed rotatable coupling 71. Any sealed rotatable coupling 71 may be employed that is suitable to seal the coupling while providing a rotatable joint. In one embodiment, the sealed rotatable coupling 71 comprises a seal 73, such as an O-ring seal, to prevent the ingress of water, dirt, road salt, or other external contaminants, and to retain any lubricants (e.g. oil or greases) disposed within the differential housing 66 or axle housing 61. The sealed rotatable coupling 71 also comprises a bearing 75 disposed between the differential housing 66 and axle housing 61 and configured to enable the movement (i.e. rotation) of the selectively movable differential 60 about the axle housing 61. In one embodiment, opposed halves of the differential housing 66 each include a protruding cylindrical axle portion 77 with a shoulder 79 that is configured to receive the seal 73 and bearing 75 in sealed and pressed engagement. The axle housing 61, such as a cylindrical axle housing, also comprises a cylindrical counterbore 81 is also configured to receive the seal 73 and bearing 75 in sealed and pressed engagement.

It will be understood that selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 a selectively movable differential may be used on the electric vehicle 10 in conjunction with a rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 in any desired manner or location, including as a front axle 28 (e.g. in an FWD vehicle), or a rear axle 30 (e.g. in an RWD vehicle), or as a front axle and rear axle (e.g. in an AWD vehicle or a 4WD vehicle). In one embodiment, both the front axle 28 and the rear axle 30 comprise a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and FWD, RWD, AWD driving modes may be accomplished by powering and using the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 disposed on the front axle 28, or the selectively movable electric propulsion motor disposed on the rear axle 30, or both the selectively movable electric propulsion motor disposed on the front axle and the selectively movable electric propulsion motor disposed on the rear axle, respectively. In one embodiment, the front axle 28 comprise a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and a rear axle is an unpowered driven axle 17, such as a solid unpowered axle, comprising driven wheels 24′, 26′ and the electric vehicle 10 comprises an FWD vehicle. In another embodiment, the rear axle 30 comprises a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and a front axle is an unpowered driven axle 17, such as a solid unpowered axle, comprising steerable driven wheels 24′, 26′ and the electric vehicle 10 comprises an RWD vehicle.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2A, the electric vehicle 10 also comprises a motor actuator 62 operatively coupled to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the vehicle chassis 12. The motor actuator 62 may comprise any suitable actuator that may be configured to move the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 radially about the transverse (axle) axis 18. In one embodiment, the motor actuator 62 may comprise an electrically powered linear actuator 92 that is pivotably attached to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 by a motor pivot 94 and to the vehicle chassis 12 by a chassis pivot 96. Any suitable electrically powered linear actuator 92 configured to provide linear motion sufficient to change the length of the actuator (i.e. selectively increase and decrease the length of the actuator) and thereby cause the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 to rotate about the transverse axis 18 by operation of the motor pivot 94 and chassis pivot 96. The electrically powered linear actuator 92 may be electrically connected and controlled as described herein. The electrically powered linear actuator 92 may comprise any suitable type of electrically powered linear actuator, including electrical, electromechanical, electropneumatic, and electrohydraulic linear actuators, such as various electromechanical ball screw, leadscrew, and rack and pinion type linear actuators. The positions of motor pivot 94 on the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and chassis pivot 96 on vehicle chassis 12 and the range of movement of the motor actuator 62 may be selected to provide a predetermined angular range of motor movement, which in one embodiment may be angle (α), as described herein. The range of movement of selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 will be selected to include a substantially vertical position, including a vertical position, as described herein.

In another embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, the motor actuator 62 may comprise an electrically powered rack and pinion actuator 91. The electrically powered rack and pinion actuator 91 comprises a circumferentially extending rack 93 that is concentrically circumferentially disposed about the transverse axis 18. The circumferentially extending rack 93 comprises a plurality of rack teeth 95 disposed on an outer edge. In one embodiment, the circumferentially extending rack 93 may be attached to the vehicle chassis 12. The electrically powered rack and pinion actuator 91 also comprises a rack gear 97, such as a pinion gear, comprising a plurality of rack gear teeth 99 that are configured for meshed engagement with the rack teeth 95. The rack gear 97 is attached to the rotatable rack gear shaft 101 of the selectively reversibly rotatable electric rack motor 103, which is attached to the motor housing 33. The electrically powered rack and pinion actuator 91 and the rotatable electric rack motor 103 may be electrically connected and controlled as described herein. The operation of the rotatable electric rack motor 103 rotates the rack gear 97 and rack gear teeth 99 and their meshed engagement with the rack teeth 95 causes the translation of the rotatable electric rack motor 103 and motor housing 33 along the rack 93 and rotation of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 about the transverse axis 18. The electrically powered rack and pinion actuator 91 may be configured to provide any predetermined angular range of motor movement, which in one embodiment may be angle (α), as described herein. As shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, the electrically powered rack and pinion actuator 91 is particularly configured to provide large ranges of angle (α). This includes angle (α) up to and including right angles (e.g. 0-90°) forward or rearward (i.e. 0-180° overall) as shown in FIG. 2B. This also includes angle (α) up to and including obtuse angles (e.g. 0-120°) forward or rearward (i.e. 0-240° overall) as shown in FIG. 2C. The range of movement of selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 will be selected to include a substantially vertical position, including a vertical position, as described herein.

Referring to FIGS. 1-2C, the motor actuator 62 is configured to move the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 from a first position comprising the first direction (d₁) of the motor axis 36 to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by the angle (α). In one embodiment, the motor actuator 62 is configured to move the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 from a first radial position about the transverse axis 18 comprising a first radial direction (d₁) of the motor axis 36 to a second radial position comprising a second radial direction (d₂) of the motor axis 36, the second position being separated from the first position by the angle (α). In one embodiment, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis 36 is selectively movable from the first position comprising the first direction (d₁) of the motor axis to the second position comprising the second direction (d₂) of the motor axis where the second position being separated from the first position by the angle (α) both while the electric vehicle 10 is stationary or in motion. In one embodiment, the first radial direction (d₁) and first radial position and the second radial direction (d₂) and second radial position correspond to a starting position and an ending position, respectively, of a particular movement of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the angle (α) comprises an angular range of motor movement, and the starting position and an ending position may be reversed. Furthermore, the first radial direction (d₁) and first radial position and the second radial direction (d₂) and second radial position may be selected to be any positions within the range of motor movement of selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32. In one embodiment, the angle (α) may comprise an acute angle (FIG. 2A), or in another embodiment a right angle (FIG. 2B), or in yet another embodiment an obtuse angle (FIG. 2C). In one embodiment, the angle (α) opens forward of the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, and in another embodiment rearward of the rotatable vehicle drive axle, and in yet another embodiment both forward and rearward of the rotatable vehicle drive axle. It will be understood that the first radial directions (d₁) and first radial positions and the second radial directions (d₂) and second radial positions may be reversed from those illustrated herein.

Referring to FIGS. 2A-2C and FIGS. 4A and 4B, in one embodiment, the first radial direction (d₁) corresponds to a motor start mode and the second radial direction (d₂) comprises a motor operation mode, wherein the radial direction comprises a horizontal vector and a vertical vector, and wherein the vertical vector in the motor start mode is less than the vertical vector in the motor operation mode. Thus, in the motor start mode where the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is generally at ambient temperature, which in many climates may comprise a cold start mode, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor is more horizontally oriented (e.g. substantially horizontal) where it is receives less of a vertically oriented airflow cooling 108 as described herein and will therefore warm up more quickly to an operating temperature. In one embodiment, substantially horizontal comprises a range of 0°-≤15° from horizontal, and in another embodiment substantially horizontal comprises a range of 0°-10° from horizontal, and in another embodiment substantially horizontal comprises a range of 0°-5° from horizontal. The ranges associated with substantially horizontal may be fore or aft for selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 that are selectively movable in the longitudinal plane, and left or right for those that are selectively movable in the transverse plane. Furthermore, in the motor operation mode where operation of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is generating heat, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is more vertically oriented (e.g. substantially vertical) compared to the motor radial direction and position in the motor start mode where it is receives more of the vertically oriented cooling airflow 108 resulting from vehicle movement, as described herein, and will therefore receive a greater cooling airflow, or be able to provide more motor heat removed by the cooling airflow to the passenger compartment, for example.

In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5, for example, the electric vehicle 10 also comprises a vehicle suspension 98 configured to resiliently or springingly support the mass of the electric vehicle 10, including the mass of the vehicle chassis 12, as a sprung mass as is known in the art. The vehicle suspension 98 and vehicle wheels 100 comprising an unsprung mass of the electric vehicle 10 as is known in the art. The vehicle suspension 98 may comprise any suitable suspension component 102, including a plurality of shock absorbers 104 or struts corresponding to the plurality of vehicle wheels 100, and is configured to dampen impacts that result as the electric vehicle 10 is operated and moves over uneven ground surfaces, including various types of roadways or off-road paths or trails. In one embodiment, the electric vehicle 10 comprises a vehicle suspension 98 that includes a suspension component 102, such as a shock absorber 104 or strut, configured for motion in a substantially vertical plane, and the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured to rotate the rotatable motor shaft 34 about the motor axis 36 to provide a motor torque in a plane that is substantially orthogonal to the substantially vertical plane.

Operation of the vehicle suspension 98, particularly while the electric vehicle 10 is loaded and moving, produces vibrations of various amplitudes and frequencies, which also result in harmonic (i.e. frequency) multiples of these frequencies, and which are referred to herein as vehicle suspension harmonics. Vehicle suspension harmonics may occur throughout the vehicle chassis 12 including within various of the vehicle components and systems disposed therein and has resulted in a vehicle engineering discipline devoted to elimination or reduction of the noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) within electric vehicles 10. Similarly, operation of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 or motors, particularly while the electric vehicle 10 is loaded and moving, also produces vibrations of various amplitudes and frequencies, which also resulting in harmonic (i.e. frequency) multiples of these frequencies, and which are referred to herein as electric propulsion motor harmonics. Electric propulsion motor harmonics may occur throughout the vehicle chassis 12 including within any of the various components and systems disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is selectively movable from the first position and first direction (d₁) to the second position and second direction (d₂) to dampen (i.e. reduce and/or eliminate) an electric propulsion motor harmonic and/or a vehicle suspension harmonic.

In one embodiment, the electric vehicle 10 comprises a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 that is selectively movable from the first position and the first direction (d₁) to the second position and the second direction (d₂) as a function of a motor characteristic, a vehicle characteristic, a vehicle cabin characteristic, or a vehicle environmental characteristic. Any suitable motor characteristic of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may be used as a basis for moving from the first position and the first direction (d₁) to the second position and the second direction (d₂), including, for example, a motor current, a motor temperature, a motor load (e.g. torque output requirement), a motor speed or a motor speed command, a motor start condition (e.g. off/on) or a motor start condition command, or the like. Any suitable vehicle characteristic may be used as a basis for moving from the first position and the first direction (d₁) to the second position and the second direction (d₂), including, for example, a vehicle speed or a vehicle speed command, a vehicle acceleration or a vehicle acceleration command, a vehicle load (e.g. number and/or weight of occupants and cargo), a vehicle weight (e.g. an unloaded vehicle weight or a gross vehicle weight), a towed load weight, or the like. Any suitable vehicle cabin characteristic may be used as a basis for moving from the first position and the first direction (d₁) to the second position and the second direction (d₂), including, for example, a vehicle cabin temperature or a vehicle cabin temperature command, a vehicle cabin fan or a vehicle cabin fan command, a vehicle cabin air conditioning system condition (e.g. on/off) or a vehicle cabin air conditioning system condition command, a vehicle cabin infotainment system condition (e.g. on/off/sleep) or vehicle cabin infotainment system condition command, a vehicle seat temperature or a vehicle seat temperature command, a vehicle interior light condition (e.g. on/off) or a vehicle interior light command, or the like. Any suitable vehicle environmental characteristic (e.g. characteristic of the environment the vehicle is in) may be used as a basis for moving from the first position and the first direction (d₁) to the second position and the second direction (d₂), including, for example, a temperature of the environment, a precipitation condition of the environment (e.g. the presence or absence of rain, ice, snow, sleet, slush), a wind speed or direction, a roadway type (e.g. asphalt, cement, gravel, dirt, mud), or the like.

Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, in one embodiment, a heat dissipator 106, such as an axially-extending heat dissipator, is disposed on the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 facing toward the front of the electric vehicle 10 and extends along the motor axis 36. The heat dissipator 106 may comprise any suitable heat dissipator, including active heat dissipators, such as various forms and types of closed loop, fluid filled radiators that are filled with a recirculating heat transfer fluid or thermoelectric coolers, and also including passive heat dissipators, such as various conductive metals formed to include a plurality of spaced apart heat transfer fins. The heat dissipator 106 is configured to extract heat generated by operation of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, receive a vertically oriented cooling airflow 108, and dissipate the extracted heat by transferring it to the vertically oriented cooling airflow 108 through convection, conduction and radiation as is known in the art. In one embodiment, the axially extending heat dissipator 106 comprises a primary heat removal portion 110 that faces a front of the vehicle and is configured for air cooling from the vertically oriented cooling airflow 108 received from the front 115 of the electric vehicle 10. In one embodiment, the vertically oriented cooling airflow 108 is directed within a front air duct 112 disposed within the vehicle chassis 12 that extends from a front end 113 proximate the vehicle front to a motor end 117 proximate the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, the front air duct comprising a vertically-extending section proximate the motor end to provide a vertically-extending airflow 119 to the primary heat removal portion. In one embodiment, the electric vehicle also comprises a selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 that is disposed proximate to and in fluid communication with the front end of the front air duct 112 and that is configured to selectively control the vertically oriented cooling airflow 108 within the front air duct 112. In one embodiment, the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 comprises a plurality of individual shutter panels 121 joined together by a mechanical linkage or linkages 123 (e.g. disposed on the ends of the panels) that may be actuated by a shutter actuator 116 so that the shutter panels 118 may be partially opened/closed or completely opened/closed. In one embodiment, the shutter actuator 116 comprises an electric actuator, such as an electric motor or electric solenoid, that may be controlled by an shutter actuator position control input that may be provided as a control signal and may be transmitted either wirelessly or through a wired connection 120 to the shutter actuator 116 in a conventional manner in conjunction with a control algorithm that is executed as a computer program by a vehicle controller 48, such as the motor controller 50. In one embodiment, the vertically oriented cooling airflow 108 is also directed within a rear air duct 130 that is disposed within the vehicle chassis 12 that extends from an inlet end 132 proximate the bottom 134 of the vehicle chassis 12 to a rear motor end 136 proximate the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32. The rear air duct 130 also comprises a rear vertically-extending section proximate the rear motor end 136 to provide a rear vertically-extending airflow 138 to the primary heat removal portion 110.

Referring to FIGS. 1-15, and particularly FIGS. 7-15, certain embodiments of electric vehicles 10 that include selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 are disclosed. These electric vehicles 10 also encompass hybrid electric vehicles that include selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32. These electric vehicles 10 may include any of the elements described above and illustrated in FIGS. 1-6 in any combination. These embodiments of the electric vehicles 10 (and hybrid electric vehicles) of FIGS. 7-15 are illustrated schematically without illustration of many of the elements described above in FIGS. 1-6, or are described by making reference to the elements of FIGS. 1-6, in order to simplify the description and illustration of the embodiments.

Referring to FIGS. 7-15, in certain embodiments the electric vehicles 10 and hybrid electric vehicles 10 comprise the vehicle chassis 12 extending along the longitudinal axis 14 and a rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 disposed along the transverse axis 18 and having opposed axle ends 20, 22 that are configured for attachment of the pair of opposed drive wheels 24, 26 as described above. The electric vehicles 10 and hybrid electric vehicles 10 also comprise the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising the rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about the motor axis 36, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis 12 and operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed drive wheels 24, 26. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the motor axis 36 are configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 as described herein. These embodiments comprise at least one selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, and in several embodiments as illustrated in FIGS. 7-9 comprise a plurality of selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32.

The electric vehicles 10 and hybrid electric vehicles 10 of these embodiments also comprise a selectively movable differential 60, or alternately selectively movable differential 60′, disposed on the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and are configured to operatively couple motive power of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 that is transmitted to the rotatable motor shaft 34 to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. The selectively movable differential 60, or alternately selectively movable differential 60′, may comprise any suitable type of differential, including an open differential as illustrated in FIG. 3, as well as other types of differentials including various locking differentials, welded/spool differentials, limited slip differentials (LSD's), such as mechanical clutch LSD's (e.g. one-way, one and a half-way, and two-way) and viscous LSD's, torsen differentials, active differentials, and torque vectoring differentials.

The electric vehicles 10 and hybrid electric vehicles 10 of these embodiments also comprise a motor actuator 62 operatively coupled to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the vehicle chassis 12 as described herein, the motor actuator configured to selectively move the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the motor axis 36 from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α) as described herein.

The first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) of the motor axis 36 may be disposed so as to be movable in a lateral plane or a longitudinal plane, and the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise the front axle 28 or the rear axle 30.

In certain embodiments, the first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) and the motor axis 36 are disposed and movable in a longitudinal plane that extends in a direction defined, for example, by the longitudinal axis 14 or longitudinal direction (L) and the vertical direction (V) as shown in FIGS. 7A and 8-15, for example. The orientation and direction of the longitudinal plane can be understood to be represented in the respective bottom views by longitudinal axis 14. In certain other embodiments, the first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) and the motor axis 36 are disposed in a lateral or transverse plane that extends in a direction defined, for example by the transverse motor axis 19 or transverse direction (T) and the vertical direction (V) as illustrated in FIG. 7B, for example. The orientation and direction of the lateral plane can be understood to be represented in the respective bottom views by transverse motor axis 19.

The lateral movement of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may be accomplished in the various embodiments of FIGS. 7-15, for example, as shown in an exemplary manner in FIG. 7B by moving the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and motor axis and the selectively movable differential 60′ forward (FIG. 7B) or rearward (not shown) of the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and transverse axis 18. The selectively movable differential 60′ may have essentially the same construction as selectively movable differential 60 shown in FIG. 3, except that it has a single rotatable output shaft 59 rather than rotatable vehicle drive axles 16 as outputs as found in selectively movable differential 60 and a single protruding cylindrical axle portion 77′ rotatably joined to output axle housing 53 by a single bearing 75 as described herein to allow rotation of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 about the output shaft axis 55 by a motor actuator 62. The rotatable output shaft 59 acts as an input drive shaft to a differential 57 that may be of conventional construction and operation and is configured to be operatively attached to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 in a conventional manner. The differential 57 may comprise any suitable type of differential, including an open differential as illustrated in FIG. 3, as well as other types of differentials including various locking differentials, welded/spool differentials, limited slip differentials (LSD's), such as mechanical clutch LSD's (e.g. one-way, one and a half-way, and two-way) and viscous LSD's, torsen differentials, active differentials, and torque vectoring differentials. Thus, the motive power of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is transferred to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 through the selectively movable differential 60′ and rotatable output shaft 59 to differential 57.

In one embodiment of the electric vehicle 10 the first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) are disposed in a lateral plane as illustrated in FIG. 7B. This embodiment comprises two selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 disposed on one rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, which comprises a front axle 28. In addition to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 with the first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) disposed in a lateral plane, selectively movable differential 60′, motor actuator 62, the embodiment of FIG. 7B comprises a second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a second rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about a second motor axis 36 on the same rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. One of ordinary skill will understand that reference to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and their elements and the components attached to them is merely indicative that there are two of them with their elements and the components attached to them, and that their relative positions on the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 are interchangeable. The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis 12 laterally spaced apart from the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed drive wheels 24, 26. The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second motor axis 36 are configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable in a lateral plane with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. This embodiment also comprises a second selectively movable differential 60′ disposed on the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and configured to operatively couple motive power of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 that is transmitted to the second rotatable motor shaft 34 to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. This embodiment also comprises a second motor actuator 62 operatively coupled to the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the vehicle chassis 12. The second motor actuator 62 is configured to selectively move the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second motor axis 36 from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the second motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position of the second motor axis by an angle (α). The first direction (d₁) and second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis are also disposed in a second lateral plane. In one embodiment of the electric vehicle 10, as illustrated in FIG. 7B, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 are configured to be moved and positioned independently, and may be moved and positioned to affect the vehicle performance as described herein. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may be the same (e.g. same motor capacity, motor type, torque output, and the like) or may be different. One of ordinary skill will understand that any of the embodiments of FIG. 8-15 may alternately also comprise a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 that is movable in a lateral plane as described above.

In certain embodiments of the electric vehicle 10 the first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) are disposed in a longitudinal plane as illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 7A, 8, and 9. These embodiments comprise at least two selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 disposed on one rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, which comprises the front axle 28 (e.g. FIG. 7A) in an FWD electric vehicle 10, or the rear axle 30 (e.g. FIG. 8) in an RWD electric vehicle 10, or both the front axle 28 and the rear axle 30 (e.g. FIG. 9) in an AWD or 4WD vehicle. In addition to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 with the first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) disposed in a longitudinal plane, selectively movable differential 60, motor actuator 62, the embodiments of FIGS. 7A, 8, and 9 comprises a second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a second rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about a second motor axis 36 on the same rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. One of ordinary skill will understand that reference to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and their elements and the components attached to them is merely indicative that there are two of them with their elements and the components attached to them, and that their relative positions on the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 are interchangeable. The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis 12 laterally spaced apart from the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed drive wheels 24, 26. The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second motor axis 36 are configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. This embodiment also comprises a second selectively movable differential 60 disposed on the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and configured to operatively couple motive power of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 that is transmitted to the second rotatable motor shaft 34 to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. This embodiment also comprises a second motor actuator 62 operatively coupled to the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the vehicle chassis 12. The second motor actuator 62 is configured to selectively move the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the second motor axis from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the second motor axis 36 to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position of the second motor axis by an angle (α). The first direction (d₁) and second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis 36 are disposed in a second longitudinal plane. In the embodiments of the electric vehicle 10 illustrated in FIGS. 7A, 8, and 9 the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 are configured to be moved and positioned independently, and may be moved and positioned to affect the vehicle performance as described herein. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may be the same or may be different as described herein.

In certain embodiments, including the embodiments of FIGS. 7A-9, the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise a discontinuous axle and the selectively movable differential 60, or alternately the selectively movable differential 60′, and second selectively movable differential 60, or alternately the second selectively movable differential 60′, are configured to be operatively coupled to respective ones of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26. Alternately, in certain other embodiments, including the embodiments of FIGS. 7A-9, the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise a continuous axle and the selectively movable differential 60, or alternately the selectively movable differential 60′, and second selectively movable differential 60, or alternately the second selectively movable differential 60′, are configured to be operatively coupled to respective ones of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26 and are configured to be operatively coupled to one another through a clutch 140. The clutch 140 may comprise any suitable type of clutch, including various wet clutches (e.g. hydraulic or electrohydraulic clutches), as well as various one-way or two-way clutches, including various selectable, including electrically selectable or actuable, one-way clutches or two-way clutches. The power may be supplied to an electrically selectable or actuable clutch 140 by any suitable electrical power and/or signal communication device 142, such as a clutch power bus 144 that comprises an electrical conductor configured to electrically communicate electrical power from any suitable clutch controller, such as vehicle controller 48. The clutch 140 may be used to control the combination of the torque outputs of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and control the torque outputs to the respective opposed drive wheels 24, 26. For example, the clutch 140 allows the torque output of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and/or the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 to be provided to the opposed drive wheels 24, 26 in any proportion. As such, either the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 or the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may provide torque to both of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26 without the contribution of the other. Similarly, the clutch 140 may be used to provide the entire torque contribution of both the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 to either of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26, or to divide their combined torque outputs between the opposed drive wheels 24, 26 in any proportion, including equally.

Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 9, the electric vehicle 10 may comprise a second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 longitudinally spaced apart from the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 that is disposed along a second transverse axis 18 and that has opposed second axle ends 20, 22 that are configured for attachment of a pair of opposed second drive wheels 24, 26. Again, reference to rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and their elements and the components attached to them is merely indicative that there are two of them with their elements and the components attached to them, and that their relative positions on the electric vehicle as the front axle 28 or the rear axle 30 are interchangeable. This embodiment comprises a third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a rotatable third motor shaft 34 rotatable about a third motor axis 36. The third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis 12 and operatively coupled to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed second drive wheels 24, 26. The third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the third motor axis 36 are configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. This embodiment comprises a third selectively movable differential 60 disposed on the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and configured to operatively couple motive power of the third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 that is transmitted to the third rotatable motor shaft 34 to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle. This embodiment also comprises a third motor actuator 62 operatively coupled to the third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the vehicle chassis 12. The third motor actuator 62 is configured to selectively move the third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the third motor axis 36 from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the third motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the third motor axis 36, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), the first direction (d₁) and second direction (d₂) of the third motor axis disposed in a third longitudinal plane. Thus, FIG. 9 illustrates a three motor configuration with the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 on one rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and the third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 on another rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. A three motor configuration may be used for any number of vehicle applications, including to provide a two-wheel drive vehicle by energizing only one of the rotatable vehicle drive axles (e.g. front axle 28 to provide an FWD electric vehicle 10 or rear axle 30 to provide an RWD electric vehicle 10) for certain driving conditions (e.g. city driving, dry roads, light vehicle loads), and then in addition selectively energizing the other of the rotatable vehicle drive axles to provide an AWD electric vehicle 10 for certain other driving conditions (e.g. highway or off-road driving, wet, snow, or ice covered roads, heavy vehicle loads, or towing). A three motor configuration may be used for example, for relatively small to medium gross vehicle weight vehicles, such as small to mid-size SUV's, mid-size and light duty full-size pickup trucks, minivans vans, and the like.

Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 9, the electric vehicle 10 may further comprise a fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a fourth rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about a fourth motor axis 36. The fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis 12 laterally spaced apart from the third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and operatively coupled to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed second drive wheels 24, 26. The fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the fourth motor axis 36 are configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. This embodiment comprises a fourth selectively movable differential 60 disposed on the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and configured to operatively couple motive power of the fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 that is transmitted to the fourth rotatable motor shaft 34 to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. This embodiment also comprises a fourth motor actuator 62 operatively coupled to the fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the vehicle chassis 12, the fourth motor actuator configured to selectively move the fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the fourth motor axis 36 from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the fourth motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the fourth motor axis 36, the second position being separated from the first position of the fourth motor axis by an angle (α), the first direction (d₁) and second direction (d₂) of the fourth motor axis disposed in a fourth longitudinal plane. In the embodiments of the electric vehicle 10 illustrated in FIG. 9, the third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 are configured to be moved and positioned independently, and may be moved and positioned to affect the vehicle performance as described herein. The third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may be the same or may be different as described herein, and may be the same as or different from the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32. A four motor configuration may be used for any number of vehicle applications, including to provide a two-wheel drive vehicle by energizing only one of the rotatable vehicle drive axles (e.g. front axle 28 to provide an FWD electric vehicle 10 or rear axle 30 to provide an RWD electric vehicle 10) for certain driving conditions (e.g. city driving, dry roads, light vehicle loads), and then in addition selectively energizing the other of the rotatable vehicle drive axles to provide an AWD electric vehicle 10 for certain other driving conditions (e.g. highway or off-road driving, wet, snow, or ice covered roads, heavy vehicle loads, or towing). A four motor configuration may be used for example, for relatively large gross vehicle weight vehicles, such as large SUV's, full-size pickup trucks, cargo vans, and the like.

In certain embodiments, including the embodiments of FIG. 9, the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise a discontinuous axle and the third selectively movable differential 60, or alternately the third selectively movable differential 60′, and fourth selectively movable differential 60, or alternately the fourth selectively movable differential 60′, are configured to be operatively coupled to respective ones of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26. Alternately, in certain other embodiments, including the embodiments of FIG. 9, the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise a continuous axle and the third selectively movable differential 60, or alternately the third selectively movable differential 60′, and fourth selectively movable differential 60, or alternately the fourth selectively movable differential 60′, are configured to be operatively coupled to respective ones of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26 and are configured to be operatively coupled to one another through a second clutch 140. The second clutch 140 may also comprise any suitable type of clutch as described herein, and may be the same as or different from the clutch 140. The second clutch 140 may be powered, operated, and controlled in the same manner as described herein for clutch 140.

The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, as well as the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, and fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, may all be powered and controlled as described herein for selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, and may be powered and controlled independently, or dependently in any combination.

Referring to the embodiments of FIGS. 10-15, the electric vehicle 10 comprising the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 described herein may further comprise an internal combustion engine 35 that is configured to be disposed within the vehicle chassis 12.

Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, in one embodiment, the internal combustion engine 35 is disposed proximate to and is configured to provide motive power to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 together with the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32. The internal combustion engine 35 comprises a row or bank 158, or a plurality of rows or banks 158, of cylinders 160. The internal combustion engine may comprise any suitable type of internal combustion engine 35 with any suitable number of cylinders 160 (e.g. 4-10), including various diesel and gasoline engine configurations, and may be mounted with the cylinder bank or banks 158 oriented transversely as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 or longitudinally (not shown). The operation of the internal combustion engine 35 may be controlled using a vehicle controller 48 in a conventional manner. The rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise the front axle 28 (FIG. 10) or the rear axle 30 (FIG. 11). The internal combustion engine 35 may be operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 through the transmission 150 that provides a torque output through the rotatable drive shaft 152 to the engine differential 154 that may be of conventional construction and operation and is configured to be operatively attached to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 in a conventional manner. The engine differential 154 may comprise any suitable type of differential, including an open differential as illustrated in FIG. 3, as well as other types of differentials including various locking differentials, welded/spool differentials, limited slip differentials (LSD's), such as mechanical clutch LSD's (e.g. one-way, one and a half-way, and two-way) and viscous LSD's, torsen differentials, active differentials, and torque vectoring differentials. Thus, the motive power of the internal combustion engine 35 is transferred to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 through the transmission 150 and rotatable drive shaft 152 to engine differential 154.

In certain embodiments, including the embodiments of FIGS. 10 and 11, the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise a discontinuous axle and the selectively movable differential 60 and engine differential 154 are configured to be operatively coupled to respective ones of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26. Alternately, in certain other embodiments, including the embodiments of FIGS. 10 and 11, the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise a continuous axle and the selectively movable differential 60 and the engine differential 154 are configured to be operatively coupled to respective ones of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26 and are configured to be operatively coupled to one through the clutch 140. The clutch 140 may also comprise any suitable type of clutch as described herein, and may be powered, operated, and controlled in the same manner as described herein. The clutch 140 may be used as described herein to distribute torque inputs from the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the internal combustion engine 35 to provide torque outputs to the opposed drive wheels 24, 26 either equally or unequally as described herein.

Referring to FIGS. 12 and 13, in one embodiment of an electric vehicle 10 that comprises the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the internal combustion engine 35 that is configured to be disposed within the vehicle chassis 12, the electric vehicle 10 further comprises a second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16. The internal combustion engine 35 is disposed proximate to and is configured to provide motive power to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and may be operatively coupled to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 through the transmission 150, rotatable drive shaft 152, and engine differential 154 as described herein. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 may be operatively coupled to the front axle 28 (FIG. 13) or the rear axle 30 (FIG. 12) and the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may be operatively coupled to the rear axle or the front axle, respectively.

Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, in one embodiment of an electric vehicle 10 that comprises the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the internal combustion engine 35 that is configured to be disposed within the vehicle chassis 12, the electric vehicle 10 further comprises a rotatable vehicle driven axle 17 (i.e. an axle that is not provided with a source of motive power or unpowered), and the internal combustion engine is disposed proximate to the rotatable vehicle driven axle 17 and is configured to provide motive power to an electric generator 162 as illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 15. The rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise the front axle 28 (FIG. 15) or the rear axle 30 (FIG. 14) and the electric generator 162 is disposed proximate the rotatable vehicle driven axle 17 serving as a rear axle or a front axle, respectively. The power generated by the internal combustion engine 35 and electric generator 162 may be supplied to the vehicle battery 46 for maintaining its charge or recharging by any suitable electrical power and/or signal communication device 164, such as a generator power bus 166, that comprises an electrical conductor configured to electrically communicate electrical power from the electric generator 162 to the vehicle battery 46. The electrical power and/or signal communication device 164, such as a generator power bus 166, may provide the electric power to the battery maintaining the charge or recharging through any suitable controller, such as vehicle controller 48, or alternately through the motor controller 50.

In one embodiment of an electric vehicle 10 that comprises the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the internal combustion engine 35 that is configured to be disposed within the vehicle chassis 12, the internal combustion engine 35 is disposed proximate to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, but rather than being operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the internal combustion engine 35 is operatively coupled to, and configured to provide motive power to, an electrical generator 162 in the manner illustrated schematically in FIGS. 14 and 15. The rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 may comprise the front axle 28 (FIG. 12) or the rear axle 30 (FIG. 11). The power generated by the internal combustion engine 35 and the electric generator 162 may be supplied to the vehicle battery 46 by any suitable electrical power and/or signal communication device 164, such as a generator power bus 166, that comprises an electrical conductor configured to electrically communicate electrical power from the electric generator 162 to the vehicle battery 46. The electrical power and/or signal communication device 164, such as a generator power bus 166, may provide the electric power to the battery through any suitable controller, such as the vehicle controller 48, or alternately through the motor controller 50.

Referring to FIG. 16, a method of making 200 an electric vehicle 10 is also disclosed. The method of making 200 comprises forming 210 a vehicle chassis 12 extending along a longitudinal axis 14. Forming 210 of the vehicle chassis 12 may be performed using conventional chassis components and assembly methods, including unibody and chassis-on-frame components and assembly methods. The method of making 200 also includes attaching 220 a rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 to the vehicle chassis 12 that is disposed along a transverse axis 18 and having opposed axle ends20, 22 that are configured for attachment of a pair of opposed drive wheels 24, 26 as described herein. Attaching 220 the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 to the vehicle chassis 12 may be performed using conventional attachments, including selectively attachable and detachable bolted connections.

The method of making 200 also comprises mounting 230 a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 within the vehicle chassis 12. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about a motor axis 36, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed drive wheels 24, 26, the motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), wherein the first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) are disposed in a lateral plane or a longitudinal plane, and wherein the rotatable vehicle drive axle comprises a front axle or a rear axle; and selecting 240 one of the following alternate configurations:

Alternate configuration (a) wherein the first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) are disposed in the lateral plane, mounting a second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 within the vehicle chassis 12 laterally spaced apart from the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a second rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about the second motor axis 36, the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed drive wheels 24.26, the second motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the second motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), wherein the first direction (d₁) of the second motor axis and the second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis are disposed in a lateral plane.

Alternate configuration (b) wherein the first direction (d₁) and the second direction (d₂) are disposed in the longitudinal plane, comprising mounting a second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 within the vehicle chassis 12 laterally spaced apart from the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a second rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about the second motor axis 36, the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed drive wheels 24, 26, the second motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the second motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), wherein the first direction(d₁) of the second motor axis and the second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis are disposed in a second longitudinal plane.

Alternate configuration (c) that comprises disposing an internal combustion engine 35 proximate to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, the internal combustion engine configured to provide motive power to the rotatable vehicle drive axle, wherein the rotatable vehicle drive axle comprises a front axle 28 or a rear axle 30.

Alternate configuration (d) that comprises disposing an internal combustion engine 35 proximate to the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, the internal combustion engine configured to provide motive power to an electric generator 162, wherein the rotatable vehicle drive axle comprises a front axle 28 or a rear axle 30.

Alternate configuration (e) that comprises disposing an internal combustion engine 35 proximate to a second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 that is attached to the vehicle chassis 12 and longitudinally spaced apart from the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, the internal combustion engine configured to provide motive power to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle, wherein the rotatable vehicle drive axle comprises a front axle 28 or a rear axle 30 and the second rotatable vehicle drive axle comprises a rear axle 30 or a front axle 28, respectively.

Alternate configuration (f) that comprises disposing an internal combustion engine 35 proximate to a rotatable vehicle driven axle 17 that is attached to the vehicle chassis 12 and longitudinally spaced apart from the rotatable vehicle drive axle 16, the internal combustion engine configured to provide motive power to an electric generator 162, wherein the rotatable vehicle drive axle comprises a front axle or a rear axle and the rotatable vehicle driven axle comprises a rear axle or a front axle, respectively.

The method of making 200 an electric vehicle 10 comprising alternate (b) may further comprise attaching 250 a second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 to the vehicle chassis 12 disposed along a second transverse axis 18 longitudinally spaced apart from the first transverse axis 18 and having opposed second axle ends 20, 22 that are configured for attachment of a pair of opposed second drive wheels 24, 26.

The method of making 200 an electric vehicle 10 wherein selecting 240 comprises selecting alternate (b) may further comprise mounting 260 a third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 within the vehicle chassis 12, the third selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a third rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about a third motor axis 36, the third selectively movable electric propulsion motor operatively coupled to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed second drive wheels 24, 26, the third motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the third motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the third motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), wherein the first direction (d1 ⁻³) of the third motor axis and the second direction (d2 ⁻³) of the third motor axis are disposed in a third longitudinal plane.

The method of making 200 an electric vehicle 10 wherein selecting 240 comprises selecting alternate (b) and mounting 260 may further comprise mounting 270 a fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 within the vehicle chassis 12 laterally spaced apart from the third selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32, the fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a fourth rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about a fourth motor axis 36, the fourth selectively movable electric propulsion motor operatively coupled to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed second drive wheels 24, 26, the fourth motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the fourth motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the fourth motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), wherein the first direction (d₁) of the fourth motor axis and the second direction (d₂) of the fourth motor axis are disposed in a fourth longitudinal plane.

Referring to FIG. 17, a method of using 300 an electric vehicle 10 is also disclosed. The method of using 300 comprises forming 310 an electric vehicle 10 comprising a vehicle chassis 12 extending along a longitudinal axis 14 and a rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 disposed along a transverse axis 18 and having opposed axle ends 20, 22 that are configured for attachment of a pair of opposed drive wheels 24, 26, and a plurality of selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 comprising respective rotatable motor shafts 34 rotatable about respective motor axes 36, the selectively movable electric propulsion motors configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis laterally spaced apart and operatively coupled to the rotatable vehicle drive axle and opposed drive wheels, the respective motor axes configured to be oriented in respective substantially vertical directions, the selectively movable electric propulsion motors and the respective motor axes also configured to be selectively movable while the vehicle is stationary or in motion from respective first positions comprising a respective first directions (d₁) of the motor axes to respective second positions comprising respective second directions (d₂) of the motor axes, the respective second positions being separated from the respective first positions by respective angles (α).

The method of using 300 also comprises operating 320 the electric vehicle 10 and moving the selectively movable electric propulsion motors from the respective first positions to the respective second positions while the electric vehicle is operating.

The method of using 300, wherein the electric vehicle further comprises a vehicle suspension 98, and wherein moving the selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 and the respective motor axes 36 from the respective first positions to the respective second positions dampens an electric propulsion motor harmonic or a vehicle suspension harmonic as described herein.

Referring to FIGS. 1-20, and more particularly to FIGS. 18A-20, a vehicle caravan 1 comprising a plurality of electric vehicles 10, 10′ configured for coordinated movement and airflow control is disclosed. The vehicle caravan 1 (or vehicle platoon 1) comprises a plurality of electric vehicles 10 that are configured for coordinated vehicular movement together on a roadway. The electric vehicles 10 of the vehicle caravan 1 will generally be spaced apart while moving by a spacing distance that depends on the vehicle characteristics (e.g. vehicle type, gross vehicle weight, payload weight, etc.), vehicle speeds, roadway conditions and other factors. The coordinated vehicular movement may comprise any form of coordinated vehicular movement of the plurality of electric vehicles 10 to form the vehicle caravan 1, ranging from vehicular movement that is controlled manually by a corresponding number of human vehicle operators to fully autonomous vehicular movement without the use of a human operator, as well as various intermediate levels semi-autonomous control with partial autonomy and limited intervention by a human operator, such as, for example, Level 0 to Level 5 autonomous vehicles as defined in SAE (J3016) Automation Levels. The electric vehicles 10 may integrate any number of suitable on-board technologies to coordinate the movement of the vehicle caravan 1, including wireless communications systems (e.g. Wi-Fi), global positioning systems (GPS), radar (e.g. (LIDAR), cameras, control software and algorithms, and the like.

The vehicle caravan 1 may comprise any suitable number of electric vehicles 10, 10′ as described. In the embodiment of FIGS. 18A and 18B, two electric vehicles 10, 10′ are shown in a single column arrangement for purposes of illustration, but any predetermined number of electric vehicles 10, 10′ in a single column may make up the vehicle caravan 1. In the embodiment of FIGS. 19A and 19B, three electric vehicles 10, 10′ are shown in a two column arrangement for purposes of illustration, but any predetermined number of electric vehicles 10, 10′ in two columns may make up the vehicle caravan 1.

The vehicle caravan 1 comprises a lead electric vehicle 10 a chase electric vehicle 10′. The lead electric vehicle 10 is configured for disposition at the front of the vehicle caravan 1 and configured to lead the vehicle caravan when the vehicle caravan is moving. The chase electric vehicle 10′ is configured for disposition rearward of the lead electric vehicle 10 in a chase pattern 170 to follow the lead electric vehicle 10 when the vehicle caravan is moving. Both the lead electric vehicle 10 and the chase electric vehicle 10′ are electric vehicles 10 as described herein. Both the lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicle 10′ may include any of the embodiments of electric vehicle 10 described herein that include a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 on the front axle 28. The lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicle 10′ may be the same or different. That is, they may have the same configuration of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 or motors, or different configurations of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 or motors. The distinction of the reference numbers 10 and 10′ is primarily made to differentiate between their locations in the vehicle caravan 1. In certain embodiments, during the course of operation of the vehicle caravan 1 it may be desirable to exchange positions of one of the chase electric vehicles 10′ with the lead electric vehicle 10 to become the new lead electric vehicle 10 and vice versa.

Each lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicle 10′ comprise a vehicle chassis 12 extending along a longitudinal axis 14 and a rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 disposed along a transverse axis 18 as a front axle 28 and having opposed axle ends that are configured for attachment of a pair of opposed drive wheels 24, 26. Each lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicle 10′ also comprise a selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about a motor axis 36, as described herein. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis 12 and operatively coupled to a rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 and opposed drive wheels 24, 26, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the motor axis 36 to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), as described herein. The selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured for air cooling from an airflow 108 received from the front 115 of the electric vehicle 10, as described herein. Each lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicle 10′ also comprises the front air duct 112 (FIG. 4B) disposed within the vehicle chassis 12 that extends from the front end 113 proximate the front 115 of the electric vehicle 10 to a motor end 117 proximate the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and is configured to direct the airflow 108 to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor for cooling, as described herein. Each lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicle 10′ also comprise the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 disposed proximate to and in fluid communication with the front end 113 of the front air duct 112 that is configured to selectively control the airflow 108 within the air duct. Each lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicle 10′ also comprises the vehicle controller 48 that is configured for coordinated control of a motor position and a motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and an open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 with each other electric vehicle 10 in the vehicle caravan 1 as described herein. The motor positions and shutter positions of the electric vehicles 10 of the caravan may be coordinated through the vehicle controllers 48 of the respective electric vehicles 10 wirelessly using any suitable wireless communication protocol, including conventional wireless communication protocols, such as, for example, WiFi.

In one embodiment, the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the lead electric vehicle 10 is substantially vertical and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 is open, and the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle 10′ is not substantially vertical and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter is closed. In one embodiment, substantially vertical comprises a range of 0°-≤15° from vertical, and in another embodiment substantially vertical comprises a range of 0°-10° from vertical, and in another embodiment substantially vertical comprises a range of 0°-5° from vertical. In one embodiment, not substantially vertical comprises a range of >15°-120° from vertical, and in another embodiment not substantially vertical comprises a range of >10°-110° (horizontal) from vertical, and in another embodiment the motor position and motor axis direction is in a range of >5°-90° (horizontal) from vertical. The ranges associated with substantially vertical and substantially not vertical may be fore or aft for selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 that are selectively movable in the longitudinal plane, and left or right for those that are selectively movable in the transverse plane.

The vehicle caravan 1 and chase pattern 170 are configured for coordination of the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the lead electric vehicle 10 and the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the chase electric vehicle 10′ while the vehicle caravan 1 is moving.

In one embodiment, the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the lead electric vehicle 10 and motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the chase electric vehicle 10′ are configured to be selected independently while the vehicle caravan 1 is moving.

Referring to FIGS. 18A-19B, in one embodiment, the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the lead electric vehicle 10 is substantially vertical and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the lead electric vehicle 10 is open, and the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle 10′ is substantially horizontal along a transverse axis 18 and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the chase electric vehicle 10′ is closed. In one embodiment, substantially horizontal comprises a range of 0°-≤15° from horizontal, and in another embodiment substantially horizontal comprises a range of 0°-10° from horizontal, and in another embodiment substantially horizontal comprises a range of 0°-5° from horizontal. The ranges associated with substantially horizontal may be fore or aft for selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 that are selectively movable in the longitudinal plane, and left or right for those that are selectively movable in the transverse plane.

In one embodiment, the vehicle caravan 1 is configured to exhaust the airflow 108 from the front air duct 112 of the lead electric vehicle 10 as a rear airflow portion 108″ directed downwardly and rearwardly under the lead electric vehicle 10 and outward airflow portions 108′ directed downwardly and outwardly away from the opposed drive wheels 24,26, and the rear airflow portion 108″, the outward airflow portions 108′, or both of them, are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle 10′ to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle.

Referring to FIGS. 18A and 18B, the chase pattern 170 comprises a single longitudinally-extending vehicle column of the chase electric vehicle 10′, or a plurality of chase electric vehicles 10′, disposed directly behind the lead electric vehicle 10, such as, for example, substantially aligned along the longitudinal axis 14 of the lead electric vehicle 10, and the rear airflow portion 108″ and outward airflow portions 108′ are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle 10′ to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle 10′.

Referring to FIGS. 19A and 19B, the chase electric vehicle 10′ comprises a plurality of chase electric vehicles, and the chase pattern 170 comprises two longitudinally-extending vehicle columns of the chase electric vehicles 10′ disposed behind respective ones of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26, where each of the columns may comprise a plurality of chase electric vehicles 10′, and the respective outward airflow portions 108′ are configured to flow under the respective chase electric vehicles 10′ in the columns to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 of the chase electric vehicles.

Referring to FIGS. 18A-19B, in certain embodiments, each of the lead electric vehicle 10 and the chase electric vehicle 10′, or chase electric vehicles 10′, further comprise a second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a second rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about a second motor axis 36. The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis 12 and is operatively coupled to a second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 as a rear axle 30 and opposed second drive wheels 24, 26. The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second motor axis 36 are configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the second motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α). The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured for air cooling from the airflow 108 received from the front 115 of the respective lead electric vehicle 10 and the chase electric vehicle 10′. The vehicle controller 48 is configured for coordinated control of a motor position and a motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32. In one embodiment, the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the lead electric vehicle 10 is substantially horizontal along a second transverse axis, and wherein the motor position and motor axis direction of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle is substantially horizontal along a second transverse axis.

In one embodiment, the vehicle caravan 1 is configured to exhaust the airflow 108 from the air duct 112 of the lead electric vehicle 10 as a rear airflow portion 108″ directed downwardly and rearwardly under the lead electric vehicle 10 to the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the lead electric vehicle 10 and outward airflow portions 108″ directed downwardly and outwardly away from the respective opposed drive wheels 24, 26 of the lead electric vehicle 10, and the rear airflow portion 108″, the outward airflow portions 108″, or both of them, are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle 10′ to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle 10′.

In one embodiment, the chase pattern 170 comprises a single vehicle column of the chase electric vehicle 10′, or vehicles 10′, disposed directly behind the lead electric vehicle 10, and the rear airflow portion 108″ and outward airflow portions 108′ are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle 10′ to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle.

In one embodiment, the chase electric vehicle 10′ comprises a plurality of chase electric vehicles, and the chase pattern 170 comprises two longitudinally-extending vehicle columns of the chase electric vehicles 10′ disposed behind respective ones of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26. The respective outward airflow portions 108′ are configured to flow under the respective chase electric vehicles 10′ to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 and respective second selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 of the respective chase electric vehicles 10′.

In one embodiment, the vehicle caravan 1 comprises a plurality of chase electric vehicles 10′ and is configured to select one of the chase electric vehicles 10′ as a new lead electric vehicle 10 and reassign the current lead electric vehicle 10 as a new chase electric vehicle 10′ and exchange positions of the new lead electric vehicle 10 and new chase electric vehicle 10′ in the vehicle caravan 1 and the motor positions and the motor axis directions (selected from d₁ through d₂) of their selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 and the open or closed positions of their selectively openable and closable airflow shutters 114.

Referring to FIGS. 18A-20, a method 400 of airflow control for a caravan 1 of electric vehicles 10, 10′ is disclosed. The method 400 of airflow control comprises forming 410 the vehicle caravan 1 comprising a plurality of electric vehicles 10, 10′ configured for coordinated movement and airflow 108 control. The vehicle caravan 1 may be formed in any suitable manner ranging from manual forming by the coordinated action of a plurality of human vehicle operators to forming fully autonomously by computer control algorithms executed by the vehicle controller 48. In one embodiment, forming 410 may be performed manually by coordinated vehicular movement of the number of electric vehicles 10 of the vehicle caravan 1 by the actions of a corresponding number of human vehicle operators that are in communication using conventional communication devices and methods (e.g. two-way radios, mobile telephones, the exchange of text messages, etc.) using any suitable selection criterion or criteria. The selection criteria may include, for example, vehicle characteristics, such as the vehicle profiles and aerodynamic characteristics (e.g. relative amount of vehicle drag, relative vehicle sizes), battery charge levels, vehicle drive types (e.g. FWD, RWD, AWD/4WD), and tire wear conditions; human operator characteristics, such as experience in operating a vehicle caravan, current operator rest level, requirements for mandatory operator rest (e.g. commercial vehicle operators); and current or expected roadway and/or weather conditions, such as experience on the roadway(s) of interest, roadway surface conditions (e.g. dry, wet, ice covered, snow covered, and the like), and traffic level/conditions (e.g. relative density of other vehicles on the roadway), and city versus highway driving conditions. The human vehicle operators determine which electric vehicles 10, 10′ will be included in the vehicle caravan 1 and then select a lead electric vehicle 10 and human vehicle operator and a chase electric vehicle 10′, or chase electric vehicles 10′ and the human vehicle operator or operators. The respective human vehicle operators of the selected electric vehicles 10, 10′ steer the vehicles to their respective positions in the vehicle caravan 1 while the vehicles are in motion, thereby forming 410 the vehicle caravan 1. In another embodiment, forming 410 comprises fully autonomous (e.g. SAE Level 3 autonomy or greater) forming by selecting and positioning of the electric vehicles 10, 10′ without the intervention of a human operator in accordance with a computer control algorithm executed by one of the electric vehicles 10, 10′, or on a distributed basis by a plurality of the electric vehicles 10, 10′ and wireless communication of the instruction to the designated lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicles for execution by the electric vehicles 10, 10′. In certain other embodiments, forming 410 may comprise various levels of semi-autonomous formation of the vehicle caravan 1. For example, the prospective electric vehicles 10, 10′ of a vehicle caravan 1 may comprise members of a conventional subscription network or service or other means of association, such as networks of operators and/or vehicles represented, for example, by UBER® and/or LYFT®. In one embodiment, a human operator may either initiate or opt in to receive a request to join a vehicle caravan 1. A computer control algorithm receives requests from the electric vehicles 10 in a predetermined geographic region that have initiated a request or opted in to participation in a vehicle caravan 1 and selects and assigns predetermined electric vehicles 10 to the predetermined vehicle caravan 1 as either the lead electric vehicle 10 or as a chase electric vehicle 10′. If the human vehicle operator chooses to join the predetermined vehicle caravan 1, the operator receives driving instructions and position instructions to drive to the predetermined vehicle caravan 1 and take its assigned position in the vehicle caravan 1. Alternately, depending on the level of autonomy of the electric vehicle 10, the decisions of whether to initiate a request or opt in may be made autonomously, and/or driving to and/or positioning the electric vehicle within the predetermined caravan 1 may be made autonomously or semi-autonomously. The vehicle caravan 1 formed comprises the lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicle 10′, the lead electric vehicle configured for disposition at a front of the vehicle caravan 1 and configured to lead the vehicle caravan when the vehicle caravan is moving, the chase electric vehicle 10′ configured for disposition rearward of the lead electric vehicle in a chase pattern 170 to follow the lead electric vehicle when the vehicle caravan is moving as described herein. The vehicle caravan 1 and chase pattern 170 are configured for coordination of the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the lead electric vehicle 10 and the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the chase electric vehicle 10′ while the vehicle caravan 1 is moving.

The method 400 of airflow control for a caravan 1 of electric vehicles 10, 10′ also comprises controlling 420 the airflow 108 of the vehicle caravan 1 while the lead electric vehicle 10 and the chase electric vehicle 10′ or chase electric vehicles 10′ are moving, as described herein.

In one embodiment, controlling 420 the airflow 108 of the vehicle caravan 1 while the lead electric vehicle 10 and the chase electric vehicle 10′ or chase electric vehicles 10′ are moving further comprises: selecting the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the lead electric vehicle 10; and selecting the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the chase electric vehicle 10′, wherein the selecting for the lead electric vehicle 10 and the selecting for the chase electric vehicle 10′ are done independently while the caravan is moving, as well as moving the motors of the lead electric vehicle 10 and chase electric vehicle 10′ to the selected motor positions and motor axis directions while the vehicle caravan 1 is moving. One of ordinary skill will understand that selecting as described above necessarily requires taking the necessary actions to implement the selections made, such as, for example issuing control commands using the motor controller 50 and/or vehicle controller 48 to the respective components and systems described herein to implement the selections made and, for example, move the selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 to the motor positions selected, or open or close the selectively openable and closable airflow shutters 114.

Referring to FIGS. 18A-20, in one embodiment, controlling 420 comprises selecting the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the lead electric vehicle 10 to be substantially vertical and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the lead electric vehicle 10 to be open, and selecting the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle 10′ to be substantially horizontal along a transverse axis 18 and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter 114 of the chase electric vehicle 10′ to be closed. In this embodiment of controlling 420, the vehicle caravan 1 is configured to exhaust the airflow 108 from the air duct 112 of the lead electric vehicle 10 as a rear airflow portion 108″ directed downwardly and rearwardly under the lead electric vehicle and outward airflow portions 108′ directed downwardly and outwardly away from the opposed drive wheels 24, 26. The rear airflow portion 108″, the outward airflow portions 108′, or both of them, are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle 10′ to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle. In one alternate of this embodiment of controlling 420, the chase pattern 170 comprises a single vehicle column of the chase electric vehicle 10′ disposed directly behind the lead electric vehicle 10, and the rear airflow portion 108″ and outward airflow portions 108′ are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle 10′ to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle. In another alternate of this embodiment of controlling 420, the chase electric vehicle 10′ comprises a plurality of chase electric vehicles and the chase pattern 170 comprises two vehicle columns of the chase electric vehicles disposed behind respective ones of the opposed drive wheels 24, 26, and the respective outward airflow portions 108′ are configured to flow under the respective chase electric vehicles to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motors 32 of the chase electric vehicles.

Referring to FIGS. 18A-20, in one embodiment of controlling 420 each of the lead electric vehicle 10 and the chase electric vehicle 10′ further comprise a second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 comprising a second rotatable motor shaft 34 rotatable about a second motor axis 36. The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor is configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis 12 and operatively coupled to a second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 as a rear axle 30 and opposed second drive wheels 24, 26. The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 and the second motor axis 36 are configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle 16 from a first position comprising a first direction (d₁) of the second motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction (d₂) of the second motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α). The second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 is configured for air cooling from the airflow 108 received from the front 115 of the respective lead electric vehicle 10 and the chase electric vehicle 10′, and wherein the vehicle controller 48 is configured for coordinated control of a motor position and a motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor. In this embodiment, controlling 420 further comprises selecting the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the lead electric vehicle 10 to be substantially horizontal along a second transverse axis 18, and selecting the motor position and motor axis direction (selected from d₁ through d₂) of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor 32 of the chase electric vehicle 10′ to be substantially horizontal along the second transverse axis.

The terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items. The modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity). Furthermore, unless otherwise limited all ranges disclosed herein are inclusive and combinable (e.g., ranges of “up to about 25 weight percent (wt. %), more particularly about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % and even more particularly about 10 wt. % to about 15 wt. %” are inclusive of the endpoints and all intermediate values of the ranges, e.g., “about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, about 5 wt. % to about 15 wt. %”, etc.). The use of “about” in conjunction with a listing of items is applied to all of the listed items, and in conjunction with a range to both endpoints of the range. Finally, unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The suffix “(s)” as used herein is intended to include both the singular and the plural of the term that it modifies, thereby including one or more of that term (e.g., the metal(s) includes one or more metals). Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment”, “another embodiment”, “an embodiment”, and so forth, means that a particular element (e.g., feature, structure, and/or characteristic) described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment described herein, and may or may not be present in other embodiments.

It is to be understood that the use of “comprising” in conjunction with the components or elements described herein specifically discloses and includes the embodiments that “consist essentially of” the named components (i.e., contain the named components and no other components that significantly adversely affect the basic and novel features disclosed), and embodiments that “consist of” the named components (i.e., contain only the named components).

While the invention has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the invention have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the invention may include only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A vehicle caravan comprising a plurality of electric vehicles configured for coordinated movement and airflow control, comprising: a lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle, the lead electric vehicle configured for disposition at a front of the vehicle caravan and configured to lead the vehicle caravan when the vehicle caravan is moving, the chase electric vehicle configured for disposition rearward of the lead electric vehicle in a chase pattern to follow the lead electric vehicle when the vehicle caravan is moving, each lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle comprising: a vehicle chassis extending along a longitudinal axis and a rotatable vehicle drive axle disposed along a transverse axis as a front axle and having opposed axle ends that are configured for attachment of a pair of opposed drive wheels; a selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a rotatable motor shaft rotatable about a motor axis, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis and operatively coupled to a rotatable vehicle drive axle and opposed drive wheels, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction of the motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction of the motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), the selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured for air cooling from an airflow received from a front of the electric vehicle; an air duct disposed within the vehicle chassis that extends from a front end proximate the front of the electric vehicle to a motor end proximate the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and configured to direct the airflow to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor; a selectively openable and closable airflow shutter disposed proximate to and in fluid communication with the front end of the air duct and is configured to selectively control the airflow within the air duct; and a vehicle controller that is configured for coordinated control of a motor position and a motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and an open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter with each other electric vehicle in the vehicle caravan; the vehicle caravan and chase pattern configured for coordination of the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the lead vehicle and the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the chase vehicle while the vehicle caravan is moving.
 2. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 1, wherein motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the lead electric vehicle and motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the chase electric vehicle are configured to be selected independently while the vehicle caravan is moving.
 3. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 1, wherein the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the lead electric vehicle is substantially vertical and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter is open, and wherein the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle is not substantially vertical and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter is closed.
 4. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 1, wherein the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the lead electric vehicle is substantially vertical and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter is open, and wherein the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle is substantially horizontal along a transverse axis and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter is closed.
 5. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 4, wherein the vehicle caravan is configured to exhaust the airflow from the air duct of the lead electric vehicle as a rear airflow portion directed downwardly and rearwardly under the lead electric vehicle and outward airflow portions directed downwardly and outwardly away from the opposed drive wheels, and the rear airflow portion, the outward airflow portions, or both of them, are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle.
 6. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 5, wherein the chase pattern comprises a single vehicle column of the chase electric vehicle disposed directly behind the lead electric vehicle, and wherein the rear airflow portion and outward airflow portions are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle.
 7. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 5, wherein the chase electric vehicle comprises a plurality of chase electric vehicles, and wherein the chase pattern comprises two vehicle columns of the chase electric vehicles disposed behind respective ones of the opposed drive wheels, and wherein the respective outward airflow portions are configured to flow under the respective chase electric vehicles to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motors of the chase electric vehicles.
 8. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 4, wherein each of the lead electric vehicle and the chase electric vehicle further comprise a second selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a second rotatable motor shaft rotatable about a second motor axis, the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis and operatively coupled to a second rotatable vehicle drive axle as a rear axle and opposed second drive wheels, the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the second motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction of the second motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction of the second motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured for air cooling from the airflow received from the vehicle front of the respective lead electric vehicle and the chase electric vehicle, and wherein the vehicle controller is configured for coordinated control of a motor position and a motor axis direction of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor.
 9. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 8, wherein the motor position and motor axis direction of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the lead electric vehicle is substantially horizontal along a second transverse axis, and wherein the motor position and motor axis direction of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle is substantially horizontal along a second transverse axis.
 10. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 9, wherein the vehicle caravan is configured to exhaust the airflow from the air duct of the lead electric vehicle as a rear airflow portion directed downwardly and rearwardly under the lead electric vehicle to the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the lead electric vehicle and outward airflow portions directed downwardly and outwardly away from the respective opposed drive wheels of the lead electric vehicle, and the rear airflow portion, the outward airflow portions, or both of them, are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle.
 11. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 10, wherein the chase pattern comprises a single vehicle column of the chase electric vehicle disposed directly behind the lead electric vehicle, and wherein the rear airflow portion and outward airflow portions are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle.
 12. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 10, wherein the chase electric vehicle comprises a plurality of chase electric vehicles, and wherein the chase pattern comprises two vehicle columns of the chase electric vehicles disposed behind respective ones of the opposed drive wheels, and wherein the respective outward airflow portions are configured to flow under the respective chase electric vehicles to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motors and respective second selectively movable electric propulsion motors of the respective chase electric vehicles.
 13. The vehicle caravan comprising the plurality of electric vehicles of claim 1, wherein the vehicle caravan comprises a plurality of chase electric vehicles and is configured to select one of the chase electric vehicles as a new lead electric vehicle and reassign the lead electric vehicle as a new chase electric vehicle and exchange positions of the new lead electric vehicle and new chase electric vehicle in the vehicle caravan and the motor positions and the motor axis directions of their selectively movable electric propulsion motors and the open or closed positions of their selectively openable and closable airflow shutters.
 14. A method of airflow control for a vehicle caravan of electric vehicles, comprising: forming a vehicle caravan comprising a plurality of electric vehicles configured for coordinated movement and airflow control, the vehicle caravan comprising: a lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle, the lead electric vehicle configured for disposition at a front of the vehicle caravan and configured to lead the vehicle caravan when the vehicle caravan is moving, the chase electric vehicle configured for disposition rearward of the lead electric vehicle in a chase pattern to follow the lead electric vehicle when the vehicle caravan is moving, each lead electric vehicle and chase electric vehicle comprising: a vehicle chassis extending along a longitudinal axis and a rotatable vehicle drive axle disposed along a transverse axis as a front axle and having opposed axle ends that are configured for attachment of a pair of opposed drive wheels; and a selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a rotatable motor shaft rotatable about a motor axis, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis and operatively coupled to a rotatable vehicle drive axle and opposed drive wheels, the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction of the motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction of the motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), the selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured for air cooling from an airflow received from a vehicle front of the electric vehicle; an air duct disposed within the vehicle chassis that extends from a front end proximate the vehicle front to a motor end proximate the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and configured to direct the airflow to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor; a selectively openable and closable airflow shutter disposed proximate to and in fluid communication with the front end of the air duct and is configured to selectively control the airflow within the air duct; and a vehicle controller that is configured for coordinated control of a motor position and a motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and an open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter with each other electric vehicle in the vehicle caravan; the vehicle caravan and chase pattern configured for coordination of the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the lead electric vehicle and the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the chase electric vehicle while the vehicle caravan is moving; and controlling the airflow of the vehicle caravan while the lead electric vehicle and the chase electric vehicle are moving.
 15. The method of airflow control for the vehicle caravan of electric vehicles of claim 14, wherein controlling the airflow of the vehicle caravan while the lead electric vehicle and the chase electric vehicle are moving further comprises: selecting the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the lead electric vehicle; and selecting the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor and open or closed position of the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter of the chase electric vehicle, wherein the selecting for the lead electric vehicle and the selecting for the chase electric vehicle are done independently while the vehicle caravan is moving.
 16. The method of airflow control for the vehicle caravan of electric vehicles of claim 15, wherein controlling the airflow comprises selecting the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the lead electric vehicle to be substantially vertical and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter to be open, and selecting the motor position and motor axis direction of the selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle to be substantially horizontal along a transverse axis and the selectively openable and closable airflow shutter to be closed.
 17. The method of airflow control for the vehicle caravan of electric vehicles of claim 16, wherein the vehicle caravan is configured to exhaust the airflow from the air duct of the lead electric vehicle as a rear airflow portion directed downwardly and rearwardly under the lead electric vehicle and outward airflow portions directed downwardly and outwardly away from the opposed drive wheels, and the rear airflow portion, the outward airflow portions, or both of them, are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle to the selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle.
 18. The method of airflow control for the vehicle caravan of electric vehicles of claim 17, wherein the chase pattern comprises a single vehicle column of the chase electric vehicle disposed directly behind the lead electric vehicle, and the rear airflow portion and outward airflow portions are configured to flow under the chase electric vehicle to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle; or alternately, the chase electric vehicle comprises a plurality of chase electric vehicles and the chase pattern comprises two vehicle columns of the chase electric vehicles disposed behind respective ones of the opposed drive wheels, and the respective outward airflow portions are configured to flow under the respective chase electric vehicles to the respective selectively movable electric propulsion motors of the chase electric vehicles.
 19. The method of airflow control for the vehicle caravan of electric vehicles of claim 16, wherein each of the lead electric vehicle and the chase electric vehicle further comprise a second selectively movable electric propulsion motor comprising a second rotatable motor shaft rotatable about a second motor axis, the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured to be mounted within the vehicle chassis and operatively coupled to a second rotatable vehicle drive axle as a rear axle and opposed second drive wheels, the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor and the second motor axis configured to be oriented in a substantially vertical direction and movable with reference to the second rotatable vehicle drive axle from a first position comprising a first direction of the second motor axis to a second position comprising a second direction of the second motor axis, the second position being separated from the first position by an angle (α), the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor configured for air cooling from the airflow received from the front of the respective lead electric vehicle and the chase electric vehicle, and wherein the vehicle controller is configured for coordinated control of a motor position and a motor axis direction of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor.
 20. The method of airflow control for the vehicle caravan of electric vehicles of claim 19, controlling the airflow further comprises selecting the motor position and motor axis direction of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the lead electric vehicle to be substantially horizontal along a second transverse axis, and selecting the motor position and motor axis direction of the second selectively movable electric propulsion motor of the chase electric vehicle to be substantially horizontal along a second transverse axis. 